1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Doxazosin 4 mg tablets
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each tablet contains 4.84 mg doxazosin mesilate equivalent to 4mg doxazosin.
Excipients:
Each Doxazosin 4 mg tablet contains 48 mg lactose.
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Tablet.
White to off-white coloured, diamond shaped uncoated tablet debossed with H03 on one side and breakline on other side.
The tablet can be divided into equal halves.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
• Essential hypertension. Doxazosin is not appropriate for first-line treatment. It may be used as a monotherapy in patients who have failed to respond to or have contraindications to other agents. Alternatively, use should be limited to second or third line treatment in combination with other antihypertensives.
• Symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
The tablets should be administered once daily with a sufficient amount of water. The duration of treatment should be established by a physician.
Hypertension:
Doxazosin is used in a once daily regimen: the initial dose is 1mg, to minimise the potential for postural hypotension and/or syncope (see section 4.4). Dosage may then be increased to 2mg after an additional one or two weeks of therapy and thereafter, if necessary to 4mg. The majority of patients who respond to Doxazosin will do so at a dose of 4mg or less. Dosage can be further increased if necessary to 8mg or the maximum recommended dose of 16mg.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia:
The recommended initial dosage of Doxazosin is 1mg given once daily to minimise the potential for postural hypotension and/or syncope (see section 4.4). Depending on the individual patient's urodynamics and BPH symptomatology dosage may then be increased to 2mg and thereafter to 4mg and up to the maximum recommended dose of 8mg. The recommended titration interval is 1-2 weeks. The usual recommended dose is 2-4mg daily.
Use in elderly:
Same dosage as for adults.
Use in patients with renal impairment:
There is no change in pharmacokinetics of doxazosin in patients with renal impairment. Therefore, the usual dose is generally recommended. Due to possible hypersensitivity in some of these patients, it may be necessary to take special care at the beginning of treatment. Doxazosin is not dialysable due to the fact that it is highly protein-bound.
Use in patients with hepatic impairment:
The dosage should be increased with special care in patients with hepatic impairment. There is no clinical experience with patients with severe hepatic impairment (see section 4.4).
Use in children and adolescents:
Doxazosin is not recommended for use in children and adolescents due to a lack of clinical experience.
4.3 Contraindications
Doxazosin is contraindicated in:
• Patients with a known hypersensitivity to quinazolines (e.g. prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin), or any of the excipients.
• Patients with a history of orthostatic hypotension
• Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and concomitant congestion of the upper urinary tract, chronic urinary tract infection or bladder stones
• During lactation (please see section 4.6)1
• Patients with hypotension2
Doxazosin is contraindicated as monotherapy in patients with either overflow bladder or anuria with or without progressive renal insufficiency.
1 For Hypertension indication only
2 For the benign prostatic hyperplasia indication only
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Initiation of therapy:
In relation with the alpha-blocking properties of doxazosin, patients may experience postural hypotension evidenced by dizziness and weakness, or rarely loss of consciousness (syncope), particularly with the commencement of therapy. Therefore, it is prudent medical practice to monitor blood pressure on initiation of therapy to minimize the potential for postural effects. The patient should be cautioned to avoid situations where injury could result should dizziness or weakness occur during the initiation of doxazosin therapy.
Use in patients with acute cardiac conditions:
As with other vasodilatory anti-hypertensive agent it is prudent medical practice to advise caution when administering doxazosin to patients with following cardiac conditions:
• pulmonary oedema due to aortic or mitral stenosis
• heart failure at high output
• right-sided heart failure due to pulmonary embolism or pericardial effusion
• left ventricular heart failure with low filling pressure.
Use in hepatically impaired patients:
As with any drug wholly metabolized by the liver, doxazosin should be administered with particular caution to patients with evidence of impaired hepatic function. Since there is no clinical experience in patients with severe hepatic impairment use in these patients is not recommended.
Use with PDE-5 inhibitors:
Concomitant administration of doxazosin with phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitors (e.g. sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil) should be done with caution as both drugs have vasodilating effects and may lead to symptomatic hypotension in some patients. To reduce the risk of orthostatic hypotension it is recommended to initiate the treatment with phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitors only if the patient is hemodynamically stabilized on alpha-blocker therapy. Furthermore, it is recommended to initiate phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitor treatment with the lowest possible dose and to respect a 6-hour time interval from intake of doxazosin.
Use in patients undergoing cataract surgery:
The 'Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome' (IFIS, a variant of small pupil syndrome) has been observed during cataract surgery in some patients on or previously treated with tamsulosin. Isolated reports have also been received with other alpha-1 blockers and the possibility of a class effect cannot be excluded. As IFIS may lead to increased procedural complications during the cataract operation current or past use of alpha-1 blockers should be made known to the ophthalmic surgeon in advance of surgery.
This medicinal product contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency of glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Concomitant administration of doxazosin with a PDE-5 inhibitor may lead to symptomatic hypotension in some patients (see section 4.4).
Most (98%) of plasma doxazosin is protein bound. In vitro data in human plasma indicate that doxazosin has no effect on protein binding of digoxin, warfarin, phenytoin or indomethacin.
Conventional doxazosin has been administered without any adverse drug interaction in clinical experience with thiazide diuretics, furosemide, beta-blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, oral hypoglycaemic drugs, uricosuric agents, and anticoagulants. However, data from formal drug/drug interaction studies are not present.
Doxazosin potentiates the blood pressure lowering activity of other alpha-blockers and other antihypertensives.
In an open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 22 healthy male volunteers, the administration of a single 1 mg dose of doxazosin on day 1 of a four-day regimen of oral cimetidine (400 mg twice daily) resulted in a 10% increase in mean AUC of doxazosin, and no statistically significant changes in mean Cmax and mean half-life of doxazosin. The 10% increase in the mean AUC for doxazosin with cimetidine is within intersubject variation (27%) of the mean AUC for doxazosin with placebo.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
For the hypertension indication:
As there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women, the safety of doxazosin during pregnancy has not been established. Accordingly, during pregnancy, doxazosin should be used only if the potential benefit outweighs the risk. Although no teratogenic effects were seen in animal testing, reduced foetal survival was observed in animals at high doses (see section 5.3: Preclinical Safety Data).
Doxazosin is contraindicated during lactation as the drug accumulates in milk of lactating rats and there is no information about the excretion of the drug into the milk of lactating women.
Alternatively, mothers should stop breast-feeding when treatment with Doxazosin is necessary (please see section 5.3: Preclinical safety data).
For the benign prostatic hyperplasia indication:
This section is not applicable.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
The ability to engage in activities such as operating machinery or operating a motor vehicle may be impaired, especially when initiating therapy.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
Frequencies used are as follows: very common (
MedDRA System Organ Class
|
Frequency
|
Undesirable Effects
|
Infections and infestations
|
Common
|
Respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection
|
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
|
Very Rare
|
Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
|
Immune System Disorders
|
Uncommon
|
Allergic drug reaction
|
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders
|
Common
|
Anorexia
|
|
Uncommon
|
gout, increased appetite
|
Psychiatric Disorders
|
Common
|
Anxiety, insomnia, nervousness
|
|
Uncommon
|
Agitation, depression
|
Nervous System Disorders
|
Very common
|
Dizziness, headache
|
|
Common
|
Dizziness postural, paresthesia, somnolence
|
|
Uncommon
|
Cerebrovascular accident, hypoesthesia, syncope, tremor
|
Eye Disorders
|
Very Rare
|
Blurred vision
|
|
Unknown
|
Introperative floppy iris syndrome (see Section 4.4)
|
Ear and Labyrinth Disorders
|
Common
|
Vertigo
|
|
Uncommon
|
Tinnitus
|
Cardiac Disorders
|
Common
|
Palpitation, tachycardia
|
|
Uncommon
|
Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias
|
|
Very Rare
|
Bradycardia
|
Vascular Disorders
|
Common
|
Hypotension, postural hypotension
|
|
Uncommon
|
Hot flushes
|
Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders
|
Common
|
Bronchitis, cough, dyspnea, rhinitis
|
|
Uncommon
|
Epistaxis, cough
|
|
Very Rare
|
Bronchospasm aggravated
|
Gastrointestinal Disorders
|
Common
|
Abdominal pain, dyspepsia, dry mouth, nausea, diarrhoea
|
|
Uncommon
|
Constipation, flatulence, vomiting, gastroenteritis
|
|
Unknown
|
Taste disturbances
|
Hepatobiliary Disorders
|
Uncommon
|
Abnormal liver function tests
|
|
Very Rare
|
Cholestasis, hepatitis, jaundice, abnormal liver function tests
|
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
|
Common
|
Pruritus
|
|
Uncommon
|
Skin rash, alopecia, purpura
|
|
Very Rare
|
urticaria
|
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
|
Common
|
Back pain, myalgia
|
|
Uncommon
|
Arthralgia, muscle cramps, muscle weakness
|
Renal and Urinary Disorders
|
Common
|
Cystitis, urinary incontinence
|
|
Uncommon
|
Dysuria, micturition frequency, hematuria, polyuria, urinary incontinence
|
|
Very Rare
|
Increased diuresis, micturition disorder, nocturia
|
Reproductive System and Breast Disorders
|
Uncommon
|
Impotence
|
|
Very Rare
|
Gynecomastia, priapism
|
|
Unknown
|
Retrograde ejaculation
|
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions
|
Common
|
Asthenia, chest pain, influenza-like symptoms, peripheral oedema, fatigue, malaise
|
|
Uncommon
|
Pain, facial oedema
|
Investigations
|
Uncommon
|
Weight increase
|
4.9 Overdose
Should over dosage lead to hypotension, the patient should be immediately placed in a supine, head down position. Other supportive measures should be performed if thought appropriate in individual cases. Since doxazosin is highly protein bound, dialysis is not indicated.
If this measure is inadequate, shock should first be treated with volume expanders. If necessary, vasopressor should then be used. Renal function should be monitored and supported as needed.
Since doxazosin is highly protein bound, dialysis is not indicated.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
ATC code: C02CA04
Doxazosin is a selective and competitive antagonist of postsynaptic alpha-1-adrenergic receptors.
The administration of doxazosin causes a significant reduction in blood pressure due to decreased pheripheral vascular resistance. One daily dosage results in a clinically significant reduction in blood pressure, which will continue for 24 hours. After administration, a gradual reduction in blood pressure occurs; orthostatic effects at the start of treatment may occur. The largest decrease in blood pressure is obtained approximately 2 to 6 hours after administration.
During treatment with doxazosin, regression of left ventricle hypertrophy has been reported.
Contrary to the non-selective alpha-adrenergic-receptor blocking substances, no tolerance has been observed during long-term treatment with doxazosin.
Clinical studies have demonstrated that doxazosin causes a small decrease in triglyceride plasma concentrations, total cholesterol and LDL-fraction. A small increase in HDL/total cholesterol ratio has been observed (approximately 4 to 13% of the initial value). The clinical relevance of these results has to be established. Doxazosin increases sensitivity to insulin in patients with alteration of glucidic metabolism.
Administration of doxazosin to patients with symptomatic BPH results in an improvement of urodynamic complaints. Studies have shown that this effect results from selective blockade of the alpha-adrenoreceptors in the smooth muscles of the bladder neck, the bladder, the capsule of the prostate and the urethra.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Following oral administration, doxazosin is well absorbed. The peak plasma levels are achieved after 2 hours, and the absolute bioavailability is approximately 63%. Doxazosin is highly protein-bound in plasma (approximately 98%). The plasma-elimination occurs in two phases. The terminal half-life is 16 - 30 hours thus making the drug suitable for once daily administration. Doxazosin is predominantly metabolized by the liver and is mainly excreted by the faeces (63 - 65%); less than 5% of the dose is excreted as unchanged doxazosin. 6-Hydroxy-doxazosin is a strong and selective alpha-adrenergic receptor-blocking substance and in humans 5% of the oral dose is metabolized in this substance.
Pharmacokinetic studies in elderly and patients with renal insufficiency did not show significant pharmacokinetic differences compared to patients with a normal renal function. There are only limited data concerning the use of doxazosin in patients with liver impairment and concerning the effects of drugs known to influence hepatic metabolism (e.g. cimetidine). In a clinical study in 12 patients with mild hepatic insufficiency, single oral dose administration of doxazosin resulted in an increase in the area under the concentration-time-curve (AUC) of 43% and a decrease in clearance of 40%.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and gastrointestinal tolerance. Studies in pregnant rabbits and rats at daily doses resulting in plasma concentrations 4 and 10 times the human exposure (Cmax and AUC), respectively, revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus. A dosage regimen of 82 mg/kg/day (8 times the human exposure) was associated with reduced fetal survival.
A male fertility study performed in the rat revealed that doxazosin can adversely affect fertility and reproductive performance. Alpha-adrenergic blocking agents may inhibit labour in rats.
Studies in lactating rats given a single oral dose of radioactive doxazosin gave an accumulation in the breast milk with a maximum concentration of about 20 times greater than the maternal plasma concentration. Radioactivity was found to cross the placenta following oral administration of labelled doxazosin to pregnant rats.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Cellulose microcrystalline
Lactose anhydrous
Sodium starch glycolate (Type A)
Magnesium stearate
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf Life
2 years.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
PVC-PVDC Aluminium blisters:
Pack size: 10, 14, 15, 20, 28, 30, 50, 56, 60, 90, 98, 100 and 140 tablets
HDPE bottle:
Pack size: 100 tablets
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
No special requirements.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Milpharm Limited
Ares, Odyssey Business Park
West End Road, South Ruislip HA4 6QD
United Kingdom
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 16363/0290
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
01/10/2010
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
21/05/2011
